Leadership Values and Ethics

Leadership Values and Ethics Introduction Generally, all organizations have a code of ethics that spells out how they should carry out transactions within the business environment. However, some of these well-written documents are just but public relations efforts put by the management to present themselves positively to the public. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Values and Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This can be attested by the many times leaders in those organizations act contrary to the ethical standards as spelled out in their code of ethics. Although egocentrism may be the main reason for almost all unethical behaviors, power possessed by the leaders and expectations is the fuel that facilitates the unethical behavior. Such misuse of power contributes significantly to loss of trust on the leader by his followers. Description of the Organization Riverbank Credit is a microfinance institution found in the capital cit y of Kenya – Nairobi, a country in East Africa. It began as a self-help group in 2002 with only seven members. At that time, it gave out loans to its members without tangible security but based on the borrower’s character and cash flow of the business that is to be funded. However, as members increased it was no longer effective to use such terms in giving out loans. Therefore the institution was registered into a SACCO in 2009 and it has grown to have a membership of over 6000. The SACCO currently targets the low and middle-income families with a promise to empower them economically as spelled out in its vision and mission. Ethical challenge of the organization The management is mainly faced by dishonesty whereby it has in many occasions failed to keep the promises it gave to either its workers or clients.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Dishonesty to clients When the SACCO is marketing its loan products, it makes its clients to believe that no tangible security is attached to the loan they secure. However when the client defaults, even for a short period, the company will be quick to seize some of the client’s property. Dishonesty to employees The employees have been short-changed in many occasions in their remuneration whereby some deductions are done based on unfounded claims of penalties. Therefore, employees end up with less pay than was initially agreed. Secondly, the management uses deceptive information to attract employees to the organization. For instance, advertising some posts yet when the employees apply they are posted to very different posts with a promise to give them their preferred post after some time, a promise that will never be fulfilled. Effects of the management’s unethical behavior Strategy recommendations of overcoming the challenge Train their marketers to be able to present the benefits of their loan products so that the issue of security will not discourage clients. This will help them to explain truly the penalties that face the client incase he/she defaults. Carry out a market research to find out the priority needs of the loan customers, therefore they will be able to serve those priority needs profitably. Cary out an internal research to determine the priority needs of the organization in terms of human resources. As a result, the organization will be able to advertise specific vacancies for the most needed personnel hence reducing remuneration expenses. This is because the company will have the minimum number of employees it needs and be able to pay them adequately. The company can develop a human resources plan through which it will attract college graduates and develop them to fit into the organization’s strategy. Such employees demand a relatively low starting salary and can grow in to the company’s system as they have not worked anywhere else.

Rei Data Warehousing Research Paper Example

Rei Data Warehousing Research Paper Example Rei Data Warehousing Paper Rei Data Warehousing Paper 1. What is a data warehouse and why is REI building one? A data warehouse can be described as a â€Å"database that stores current and historical data of potential interest to decision makers throughout a company. The data originate in many core operational transaction systems, such as systems for sales, customer accounts, and manufacturing, and may include data from Web site transactions. 1† REI is building a data warehouse to improve the company and to meet the needs of the customers. REI’s data warehouse will allow the company to view current and past data on sales, products, and customer information. The data warehouse will allow for the company to get to know the customers better and help in seeing which products are selling. The data warehouse will allow REI to become closer to the consumer and tailor goods to the needs of the consumer. 2. What are some of the disadvantages of consumer cooperatives compared to ‘traditional firms’? Consumer cooperatives have some disadvantages in comparison to traditional firms. Consumer cooperatives require a high level of organization. Because the consumers are helping to make many decisions there are more legal responsibilities for the company. The company must listen to the consumers and also provide rules that the consumer cooperative must follow as a whole. While it is great for the consumers to be so involved, traditional firms have less of a hassle and don’t need to take so many extra steps when making decisions. 3. Describe some of the marketing strategies that REI’s data warehouse will allow them to use. Would these have been possible before the data warehouse was built? REI’s data warehouse will allow them to create more marketing strategies, specifically on their online shopping Website. With the use of the data warehouse, REI’s website will be able to recognize customers when they log on to the Website. By doing this, REI can tailor products or information to the customer each time they log on. If REI knows, â€Å"for example, that the member lives in Seattle and likes to hike, then REI can make recommendations about trails in the area. And they can suggest local environmental stewardship activities such as an REI-hosted trail maintenance project on National Trails Day. 2† Understanding customers in this way would probably not be possible without the data warehouse. The data warehouse is able to store all of this information about a customer and then allow REI to make the recommendations. The data warehouse is a vital part of this customer relationship that REI is trying to create. 4. What are some of the risks or concerns surrounding the creation of a data warehouse? There are definitely some risks and concerns surrounding the creation of a data warehouse. One risk would be security. Creating a data warehouse with customer information or credit card information needs to be protected. Any type of computer holding this data could be hacked into, so measures need to be taken to protect the data on various levels. Also, creating a data warehouse poses risk for employees simply having resistance. The employees who use the data will need to understand how the data is stored and how to use it properly. REI has probably used a method that the employees are trained on and are comfortable with. Employees will need to be willing to learn about the new data warehouse and how to properly use the data to create success. 5. Why do you think REI chose to work with IBM’s data warehouse technology? I think IBM is a well-known company that has experience and is willing to try new things. IBM worked very closely with REI to master the creation of a unique data warehouse that fits the needs and wants of REI’s vision. Some companies wouldn’t take the time to do that, but IBM was dedicated at helping REI achieve its goal. I think REI ultimately chose IBM because they knew it was the kind of company that truly cared and would deliver an excellent solution. Footnotes 1. Laudon, J. P. Laudon, K. C. (2010). Essentials of Management Information Systems. Page 170. 2. REI. Retrieved March 22, 2011 from the World Wide Web: http://www-01. ibm. com/software/info/ Television/html/F759128C6694J62. html

Compare the socities and governments featured in George Orwell's 1984 Essay

Compare the socities and governments featured in George Orwell's 1984 and Ray Bradbury's Farhenheit 451 - Essay Example Through such features, the authors position their works among their target audience as appropriate pieces of literature. George Orwell employs such features thereby developing a unique piece that coincidentally portrays specific social and government features that are characteristic of dystopian works thereby achieving a similarity with Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 415. The discussion below is therefore an analysis of the features thereby portraying the similarities and differences in the two societies created by the two authors (Ray 12). George Orwell positions his story in an airstrip in a society formerly known as the Great Britain. The author portrays a post apocalypse United Kingdom in as the government goes archaic thereby imposing restrictive policies and increased surveillance of the population. The new authoritarian government banns independent thought thereby controlling the thoughts of the people (Orwell 21). The government has invented both a new category of crime kno wn as thought crime thereby punishing independent thinking people. Additionally, the society has invented yet a new language. The same is the case in Fahrenheit 451 where the new government enjoys massive control of the people by limiting the liberties thus gaining more control. The two societies and governments have various similar features that arise from the nature of the novels. As with any other dystopian novel, the authors set their stories in a futuristic society. The novels seek to address specific social features that require particular positioning. Unlike many other novels, dystopian stories address specific themes not already witnessed in the contemporary society. To validate such claims, the authors therefore position their stories in a futuristic society in which most of their target readers are yet to experience. The ignorance about the feature therefore validates their portrayal of the various themes in such works. Fahrenheit 451 is in a future American society while Nineteen Eighty-Four is set in a future Great Britain. With such placements, the authors are therefore free to manipulate the facts in their stories by presenting plots that would otherwise prove unrealistic in the contemporary democracies such as the United States and the United Kingdom. The two societies have similar structures, with the numerous government legislations; the people therefore develop new social structures in order to accommodate the new political regimes. In Nineteen Eighty-Four, the new authoritarian government under the leadership of the Big Brother imposes various regulations most of which limit the liberties previously enjoyed in the countries. The new government bans any political outfits thereby developing an authoritarian political system. The government for example revokes all the liberties key among which is the freedom of thought. The government develops an effective mind control system that acts as a surveillance tool. The government therefore enjoys a d edicated surveillance of the population thereby monitoring every action in the state. The perpetual war in the society destabilizes peaceful coexistence as the people in the new society live in fear of abduction and public murder by the new regime at any time in case of a violation of the set regulations. The new government is remorseless and treats the people harshly with the view of eliminating any form of resistance. As is characteristic with all dictatorial

HUM WK7 CHECKPOINT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HUM WK7 CHECKPOINT - Essay Example Judaism is traditional in nature and holds on religious, ethical and the social laws articulated in torah, writings and prophets. Judaism comprises of orthodox, the conservative, reformist, and the reconstructionist who differ in liberality from traditional beliefs (Azmah, 2004) Judaism emphasizes practice more than the belief. Their worship is in synagogues that replaced the second temple in 70 C.E. after its destruction.Judaism focuses on rituals performed in synagogues. Rituals like praying occur daily while others occur weekly. Repetition of the rituals brings them closer to God (Azmah, 2004). Central practices involve gathering in churches for worship. Rituals and practices among Christians depend on the denomination. Worship services are on Sundays where Christians pray, sing and preach (Azmah, 2004). Rituals and practices among the Muslims are few but darned crucial. They believe in five Islamic pillars of confession, the ritual prayer, the alms tax, pilgrimage to Mecca and law of fasting during Ramadan. Other practices include mystical Sufism rituals and the Shiite practices (Azmah, 2004). Some of their ethic and morality include belief in god, prohibition from improper worship, murder, oaths, theft, adultery, false witness and coveting, respect to Sabbath, parents and teachers (Azmah, 2004). In Islam, ethical requirements and their morality discourages interest on loans and lending people money with the intention of financial gains. Islamic morals also teach adherence to the teachings of Prophet Muhammad (Azmah,

Divorce & marriage Essay Example for Free

Divorce marriage Essay People from broken families are less likely to have successful marriages. This is because of the psychological implications such families bring into their life. According to available psychological evidence, divorce is a major cause of emotional stress and depression (Clarke-Stewart, Brentano, 2006). Depression as a psychological impairment has been evidently found to factor much in compromising the social life of the victim. Such individuals are marked with lack of hope for the future, a factor that only serves to negate their chances of engaging in successful marriage. Another commonly cited potential implication of divorce on children is that it can cause negative perception of a particular gender by the child. According to available statistical evidence, it is clear that due to the social and economic hardships experienced by children after the divorce of their parents, most tend to develop hatred against one gender of the community (Clarke-Stewart, Brentano, 2006). With such a mental setting, an individual finds it a major challenge to accept and appreciate that gender into a binding relationship. This has the direct implication that they are less likely to engage in successful marriages. Still, the sustainable building of character traits in a child is mainly by copying the character traits of the surrounding members of the community (Clarke-Stewart, Brentano, 2006). This means that their parents are the most influence society members in modeling the character of the child. However, prior to divorce or family breakdown, families are found to have constant conflicts and/or communication failure. Such imply that the character of violence is instilled in the mind of the child. Also, broken families fail to provide the efficient parental love required for modeling reliable social behavior of the child due to the lack of one parent character in the family. All these only negate the children understanding and appreciation of the underlying meaning of marriage. References Clarke-Stewart, A. , Brentano, C. (2006). Divorce: Causes and Consequences. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Euthanasia: A Fatal Decision :: Free Essay Writer

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A white flash of lightening catches the glint of frantic black eyes peering from beneath frazzled grey hair. Screaming to his assistant, the frenzied scientist paces before the lifeless body on the table; his creation. As the creaking chains raise the corpse out of the roofless laboratory, the scientist’s evil laugh echoes up into night sky. This scene, often replayed in old films, captures the horror of unrestricted medical research. When a person who is ill decides that it is his or her time to die, they are, in effect, playing God by taking control of human life by deciding when it should end. Sidney Hook, an octogenarian, suffered to the point of requesting, but not receiving, his own extermination. In his article, In Defense of Voluntary Euthanasia, Hook argues that euthanasia provides an easy way to end suffering. Examining the pros and cons of euthanasia and its usefulness if legalized, it is clear that there are very few benefits involved. When deat h is made a legal and easy option, it is an attempt to take full control of life and, by doing so, opening the door to more abuse than benefits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Euthanasia is the practice of putting to death persons who have incurable, painful, or distressing diseases or handicaps. It is commonly called mercy killing. Voluntary euthanasia may occur when individuals who are incurably ill ask their physician to put them to death or the patient may ask a doctor to withhold treatment, allowing them to die more rapidly. Many opponents of euthanasia contend that too often doctors and others in the medical profession play God on operating tables and in recovery rooms. They argue that no medical professional should be allowed to decide who lives and who dies. This is true. The time when a person dies is a decision only God should make.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the other hand, why would anyone want to keep a person who is desiring death from making that choice? Seneca, a well-known philosopher once said, â€Å"The wise man will live as long as he ought, not as long as he can† (qtd. in Hook 484). A considerable amount of society is in favor of euthanasia mostly because they feel that we, as free individuals, should have the right to decide for ourselves when to terminate life, especially when an individual is suffering from an incurable disease. No one wants to end up plugged into machines and wired to tubes.

The Reluctant Fundamentalist

How does Hamid employ symbolism throughout the novel? Is his use of symbolism effective? What is lost and gained through the use of symbolism? The Reluctant Fundamentalist is a novel in which an American immigrant Changez is living a dream with a great job, money, and the â€Å"regal† Erica by his side. However after the 9/11 attacks Changez’s perception on America shifted, he was forced to question where his allegence lies and this developed into contempt for America.If you read The Reluctant Fundamentalist by Mohsin Hamid, and fail to dig below to the surface of the text then the novel will hold an entirely different meaning to you. Hamid used heavy sybolism to convey meanings and themes that are better not said outright, and overall altered the impression the novel leaft. While reading The Reluctant Fundamentalist it became apperant that Changez’s love interest Erica symbolized America. Besides the obvious that Erica is the last five letters of America, there were multiple parallels in the story Hamid built for Erica and the way he portrayed America.When Changez first met Erica he says, â€Å"She had a presence †¦a naturalist would likely have compared her to a lioness: strong, sleek, and invariably surrounded by her pride†(22). Changez also comments of the pride America shows with, â€Å"stickers of flags adorned windshields and windows; large flags fluttered from buildings. They all seemed to proclaim: We are America†¦the mightiest civilization the world has ever known. †(79). Akin to America after 9/11, Erica seemed to be, â€Å"utterly detached, lost in a world of her own†¦ she was struggling against a current that pulled her within herself†(86).Similarly after 9/11 Changez felt that America, â€Å"retreated into myths of your own difference, assumptions of your own superiority†(168). The grief that Erica felt over the loss of Chris was representative of the grief America felt after 9/11 and how that prevented both Erica and America from moving on and accepting Changez. When Changez goes to see Erica at her clinic he is told by a nurse that, â€Å"It did not matter that the person Erica was in love with was deceased; for Erica he was alive enough, and that was the problem. †(133) America, too, was increasingly giving itself over to a dangerous nostalgia,† he claimed that he, â€Å"had always thought of America as a nation that looked forward; for the first time I was stuck by its determination to look back. †(115) The grief that Erica felt over the loss of Chris was representative of the grief America felt after 9/11 and how that prevented both Erica and America from moving on and accepting Changez. When Changez goes to see Erica at her clinic he is told by a nurse that, â€Å"It did not matter that the person Erica was in love with was deceased; for Erica he was alive enough, and that was the problem. (133) If Erica represents America and their in ability to move on from their grief, then Chris is a symbol for 9/11. When Changez goes to visit Erica in the clinic,the nurse he meets when he first enters tells him that, â€Å"It did not matter that the person Erica was in love with was This was included to show Cahngez’s changing relationship with America and an alternative way to show how America is broken and how because of America’s tendency to look back, and hold on to the past prevented America fro building relationships with outher countriesIf you did not connect that Erica was America you might hink that this was about a Pakistany that came to American and wound up hating and criticisming it until he left. In reality it was about a man, or boy rather, that had big dreams of his life in America, ones that seemed to be coming true. But just as Erica could not let go of the past, America couldn’t let go of the hatred and fear they held for those who seemed un-American.

Victorian Literature: Anglo-American Feminism, French Feminism

ssignment Title: ‘Compare and Assess at least two of the following approaches in feminist theory, with illustration from two of the Victorian texts you have studied: Anglo-American feminism; French Feminism; Socialist or Marxist Feminism; feminist approaches influenced by Foucault. ‘ ‘I declare that this is my own work and that I have followed the code of academic good conduct and have sought, where necessary, advice and guidance in the proper presentation of my work. ‘ Signature: Date: Compare and Assess at least two of the following approaches in feminist theory, with illustration from two of the Victorian texts you have studied: Anglo-American Feminism; French Feminism; Socialist or Marxist Feminism; Feminist Approaches influenced by Foucault. ‘ Feminist theory like psychoanalytic theory is relatively modern in its creation. The immergence of feminist literary theories can be linked to the out break of female political uprising in the early nineteenth century. The French Revolution marked the beginning of a fight for the obtaining of women's rights to power and equality in society. Elaine Showalter comments that the ideological socially acceptable view of Victorian women as a whole can be seen as ‘†¦ prescribed a woman who would be a Perfect Lady, an Angel in the House, contently submissive to men, but strong in inner purity and religiosity, queen in her own realm of the Home. (Victorian Women's Poets, Page 13) Feminist theory is segregated into separate view points of feminism as a whole; French Feminism analyses literature from a perspective of a psychoanalytic view, drawing upon the work of Lacan to highlight view points. It helps to analyse the ways in which women are positioned in society in the text and how they can be perceived to be repressed. Marxist Feminism takes its inspiration from how the women can be perceived to be oppressed in literature. American feminism analyses literature from a textual expressive view point. All feminist out looks have their issues which provide flaws into their argument. ‘To be sure, most feminist thinkers today assume that nurture, at the very least, qualifies nature. Recently, however, a number of poststructuralist theorists – deploying both male and female signatures – have claimed that there is no gendered â€Å"reality,† that the concepts of â€Å"man† and â€Å"woman† are, as some would put it, â€Å"always already† fictive since human identity is itself a tenuous, textually produced epiphenomenon. ‘ (No Man's Land. Pagexv). Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronti provided feminist critics with a canvas of a examples of marginally autobiographical Victorian gynocentrism. The production of text from a woman, looking at the emphasis placed on the female place in the history of the text, the structural placing of women and the thematic view of women in the text. Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar argue that women writers such as Emily Bronti had been trapped into the roles that society has manipulated, as they were trapped against the patriarchal view of the angel of the house. However even thought there is a desire for this view to be usurped, Bronte still curtails herself to society's expectations by debilitating and eventually killing off of the strong rebellious charcter of Catherine, emphasising her own fear of what the female form in which she was writing. Gilbert and Gubar's reading of Wuthering Heights classes it as a ‘A bible of Hell. ‘ (Gilbert, S & Gubar, S. Mad woman in the attic) The classification of Wuthering heights as a living hell is created in type by the Byronic hero of Heathcliff. Although Gilbert and Gubar look into the curtailment of women being confined to the house, trapped into submission by domesticity, Wuthering Heights provides Catherine with her own sense of control where she can break social confinements. Yet Catherine chooses to be confined by domesticity and social patriarchy by marrying Edgar Linton. Bronte does however portray the confusion Catherine feels in making her choice between what she desires and what is socially expected; You love Mr Edgar because he is handsome, and young, and cheerful, and rich and loves you. The last, however, goes for nothing – You would love him without that, probably, and with it, you wouldn't, unless he possessed the four former attractions. ‘ (Wuthering Heights, Page 119)Through the use of the second generation Cathy, Bronte allows the correction from cultural to natural choice to be made via the successful relationship between Cathy and Hareton. Kristeva comments on the text ‘presses the linguistic sign to its limits, the semiotic is fluid, plural, a kind of pleasurable creative excess over precise meaning and it takes sadistic delight in destroying or negating such signs. ‘ (Literary Theory: an introduction). The dual nature of narration in the novel serves thematic purposes, in that both provide commentary on the role of women in society. The feminist nature of the novel can be seen through Lockwood's comments on the success of Nelly's narrative story telling. Bronte manipulates the Victorian view that women have innate frailty and makes a parody out if the view by portraying Catherine's illness as a strength in which she is manipulating those around her through Nelly's perception; ‘I wasted no condolences on miss, nor any expostulations on my mistress, not did I pay attention to the sighs of my master, who yearned to hear his lady's name, since he might not hear her voice. ‘ (Wuthering Heights, Page 158) Catherine's subsequent illness shows itself in the form of a disillusioned madness. Bronte's use of this madness is to offer clarity to the social structure that the very cultural expectations of Catherine are the things that cause the feared wild nature to develop; ‘This feather was picked up from the heath, the bird was shot – we saw its nest in the winter, full of little skeletons. Heathcliff set a trap over it, and the old ones dare not come. I made him promise he'd never shoot a lapwing, after that, and he didn't. Yes, here are more! Did he shoot my lapwings, Nelly? Are they red, any of them? Let me look. (Wuthering Heights, Page 160) Gilbert and Gubar view Catherine's imprisonment in Thrushcross Grange as the reason for her being trapped into a feminine madness; ‘Imprisonment leads to madness, solipsism, paralysis †¦ Starvation – both in the modern sense of malnutrition and the archaic Miltonic sense of freezing (‘to starve in ice') – leads to weakness, immobility and death. (Rylance, Page 253) Catherine's embracing of Victorian societal views that kept her from being with Heathcliff. Included in these views are the expectations of women. It is important to note because the awareness of social standing and gender in this example prevent true love prevailing. Bronte also argues that Catherine's inability to resist social ambition is reflective of the oppressive power of the social structure of the Victorian society. Bronte feminises Lockwood by giving him the typically female characteristic of frailty, according to Beth Newman ‘Lockwood's supine passivity (he is bed ridden during most of her narrative) suggests that he is in the â€Å"feminine† position with respect to Nelly's controlling gaze. (Gender, Narration and Gaze in Wuthering Heights, Page 1034). Emily Bronte portrays Hareton as a model man who does not fear women but does not repress them either, this is marked through his not hiding away from Cathy's advances; â€Å"Helene Cixous has written that the Medusa who has terrorized the male subject, looked at â€Å"straight on,† is actually â€Å"beautiful†¦ and †¦ Laughing† Bronte has uncannily anticipated Cixous's analysis of the masculine fear of the woman's gaze in suggesting that Hareton, alone among the male characters in the novel, is able to laugh back. (Gender, Narration and Gaze in Wuthering Heights, Page 1037). The splitting and fragmentation of Catherine's feminine desire through the lack of a stable identity, she is Catherine Earnshaw, Catherine Heathcliff and Catherine Linton at the same time. The theme of heaven and hell is prevalent most through Heath cliff's representation as a satanic wild figure that should be feared. Bronte links Heathcliff to the wildness of nature through his name; he becomes one with the heath surrounding the heights. Catherine expresses her own desire to be associated with Heathcliff through â€Å"If I were in Heaven, Nelly, I should be extremely miserable. ‘ ‘Because you are not fit to go there,' I answered. ‘All sinners would be miserable in heaven. ‘†¦ ‘I was only going to say that heaven did not seem to be my home; and it broke my heart with weeping to come back to earth; and the angels were so angry that they flung me out, into the middle of the heath on the top of Wuthering Heights, where I woke sobbing for joy. ‘ (Wuthering Heights, Page 121) Bronte uses the binary opposition to emphasise Catherine's ideal of Heaven being Heathcliff. Yet due to the confinement of social expectation Catherine turns her back on Heaven and places herself in the Hell that is Thrushcross Grange causing a fragmented version of herself to become her existence. Kristeva comments on Wuthering Heights lack of ability to have a simplistic narrative form, there is a use of multiple genres to create the complex binary oppositions. The use of the re-emergence of the choice between patriarchy and desire through Cathy has the object of; ‘articulating the mother-child relation as a site for both affirm the archaic force of the pre-oedipal, which although repressed is thus also preserved. Both affirm the fluid, polymorphous perverse status of libidinal drives and both evoke a series of sites of bodily pleasure capable of resisting the demands of the symbolic order. ‘ (Jacques Lacan; A feminist Introduction, Page 149) ‘Thus, although Wuthering Heights ends in cosy domesticity, the gaps in its enunciation express a feminist resistance to the patriarchal order in which its story partially acquiesces: for the narrative undercuts the condition of its own telling even while implicating them in specular economy that fetishizes and appropriates women. ‘ (Gender, Narration and Gaze in Wuthering Heights, Page 1039) Christina Rossetti's Goblin Market expresses the frustrations from enforced female passivity, articulating bitterness about being the second sex, and the limitations on female potential; this is evident through out the poem, culminating as two women become what Victorian patriarchy predetermines, wives and mothers. Goblin Market shows women in social relations, in market economies in literary history and women in sexual economics. Elizabeth Helsinger explains that Goblin Market is ‘A feminist utopia based on sisterhood against male domination and ‘the male' market or a legitimating of separate spheres? Victorian studies, 1991). Goblin Market allows Rossetti the opportunity to escape the archaic patriarchy and create a fantasy realm. Rossetti allows Lizzie and Laura an insight into the male commodities of male utopia that is the market place, and how to successfully regain equal control. ‘This is a morally nonsense poem, which puts religious myth and sexual temptation into a market economy which is endlessly unstable. ‘ (Victorian Women's Poets, Page 138). Rossetti's creation of sisterly solidarity gives a feminine outlook; ‘Hug me, kiss me, suck my juices Squeezed from goblin fruits for you, Goblin pulp and Goblin Dew. Eat me, drink me, love me; For your sake I have braved the glen And had to do with goblin merchant men. ‘ (A Choice of Christina Rossetti's verse, Page 16). ‘The sexual suggestiveness of ‘Goblin Market' has undoubtedly made it a compelling work for feminist readers concerned with what constitutes a distinctly female imagination. ‘ (‘A Music of Thine own. ‘ Victorian Womens Poets, Page 50). â€Å"Goblin Market', the title poem of Christina Rossetti's first volume, is the questioning feminine discourse it masks. ‘ (‘A Music of Thine own': Womens Poetry. Victorian Womens Poets, Page 49) Rossetti's representation of sexuality is not in the names or images she finds but in the structure of the whole poem with its repeated tasting. ‘ (‘A Music of Thine own': Womens Poetry. Victorian Womens Poets, Page 49) In many respects Goblin Market is directly contradictory to many nineteenth century views about the role of the woman poet. Mary Ann Stoddart, 1842, defines the sphere of the poetess as: â€Å"All that is beautiful in form, delicate in sentiment, graceful in action will form the peculiar province of the gentle powers of women†. Goblin Market can be said to have none of these qualities. This metrical indulgence, gives Goblin Market a sensual art for art's sake, which is usually reserved for male poets, making this offering to the public by a poetess incompatible with Victorian notions of female poetic beauty Laura performs a familiar role in literary history – that of the fallen Eve. She relinquishes herself to the sexual temptation offered by the evil goblin men. Her sin is compounded by prostitution in selling a lock of her hair in return for the fruits. This can be viewed as an act of rape; the goblins cut her hair for payment, when, at the time, a woman's hair was a somewhat sacred thing. The fallen woman is a common figure in literature, however, because she comes from the creative mind of a female poet the representation comes to have a few problems in its interpretation. Yet still, Laura receives her salvation, from her sin of eating the fruit, through the self-sacrificing actions of her sister. Lizzie plays the male role of redemption. While Rossetti can be viewed in opposition to the Victorian ideals of female creativity, there is an inherent conservatism in her work that creates problems with the idea of her being a truly radical or feminist writer. Unlike the other Pre-Raphaelite poets, Rossetti does not embrace atheism, but rather adheres to a strict Anglo-Catholic faith â€Å"Goblin Market' is Christina Rossetti's most remarkable long poem. She was also a writer of consummate lyrics. What can be called the feminine discourse which respondes to the aesthetics of expression and repression overflow and barrier, in ‘Goblin Market', is also at work in her short poems. ‘ (‘A music of thine own':Womens Poetry, Victorian Womens Poets, Page 54). Through both of the texts analyzed it is important to notice that as Showalter states that it is in fact, â€Å"female imagination' cannot be treated by literary historians as a romantic or Freudian abstraction. It is the product of a delicate network of influences operating in a time, and it must be analyzed as it expresses itself, in language and in a fixed arrangement of words on a page, a form that itself is subject to a network of influences and conventions, including the operations of the marketplace. ‘ (Victorian Women's Poets, Page 12) Both Emily Bronte and Christina Rossetti were classed as typically romantic Victorian women's writers. However this view is highly problematic as both women try to break the curtailments of Victorian archaic patriarchy in their work, constantly testing and pushing the boundaries of female authorship; ‘Romance fiction deals above all with the doubts and delights of heterosexuality, an institution which feminism has seen as problematic from the start. In thinking about this ‘problem' I myself have found the psychoanalytic framework most useful since it suggests that the acquisition of gendered subjectivity is a process, a movement towards the social ‘self' , fraught with conflicts and never fully achieved. Moreover, psychoanalysis takes the question of pleasure seriously, both in its relation to gender and in its understanding of fictions as fantasies, as the explorations and productions of desires which may be excess of the socially possible or acceptable. It gives us ways into the discussion of popular culture which can avoid the traps of moralism or dictatorship. ‘ (Romance Fiction, Female sexuality and class. Page 142)

Self-Editing How to Self-Edit a Book With Specific Strategies for Success

Self-Editing How to Self-Edit a Book With Specific Strategies for Success Self-Editing: How to Self-Edit a Book With Specific Strategies for Success So you’ve finished your book†¦ now what? Self-editing is what. Now its time to learn how to self-edit it- and properly.Finishing the first draft of a book is a tremendous accomplishment that’s certainly worth celebrating. But it doesn’t get any easier from here.The next step is one of the most tedious and important aspects of publishing a book- self-editing.Sure, almost all self-published authors will hire an editor in some capacity. Before that step, you do have to edit the book yourself and only yourself (unless you use Scrivener footnotes editor or other editing tools, that is).Heres our guide to self-editing your novel: Understand the need for self-editingDifference between revising and editingHow to develop a self-editing planStart the self-edit processDifferent types of verbal read-throughsDiscover your self-editing styleEdit one chapter at a timeStart self-editing TODAYAt the very least, every author will receive feedback from multiple readers before the launch date, but self-editing is key because eliminating obvious errors and minimizing mistakes in the manuscript will give hired editors and beta readers a greater opportunity to provide corrections on the things you missed.NOTE: We cover everything in this blog post and much more about the writing, marketing, and publishing process in our VIP Self-Publishing Program. Learn more about it hereWhy do we need to self-edit our books?After completing a rough draft, it’s very tempting to immediately hire an editor and hand over your manuscript. But no writer can state their rough draft is the very best of their work.And after all, the better the draft you submit to an editor, the better final product.An editor will surely help improve a manuscript, but before placing that rough draft in an editor’s hands, each writer should be able to answer yes to the question:â€Å"Did I make this manuscript as strong and as good as I could have?†There’s no way the answe r to that question is yes after only writing the rough draft. Take pride in your work and make sure it’s your best before someone else reads it.Before beginning the self-editing phase, there are three important things to keep in mind:The Difference between editing and revisingSelf-editing requires patience because it takes timeDevise an editor plan for after the self-editing phase prior to startingThe Difference Between Editing and RevisingEditing and Revising sound very similar, but knowing the subtle differences can make self-editing a lot easier.Throughout my career, I’ve engaged in a lot of different writing styles. Depending on the outlet and audience, writing style may differ, but one constant is all writing needs edited and revised in some capacity.Of course, one of the most essential parts of the self-editing phase is knowing the difference between editing and revising. I’ll lay out the subtle difference and explain how to achieve both in order to turn y our rough draft into a sparkling text for your editor.Editing and Revising definitions according to the Merriam-Webster DictionaryEditing to prepare for publication or public presentation; to alter, adapt, or refine especially to bring about conformity to a standard or to suit a particular purpose.Revising to look over again in order to correct or improve; to make a new, amended, improved, or up-to-date version of On the surface, they sound exactly the same. To be fair, editing and revising are similar, but not exactly the same thing.In a basic nutshell, editing is fixing basic errors like capitalization, punctuation and spelling. Revising is the act of improving specific writing such as sentence structure, chapter structure and word choice.A good self-edit will include both edits and revisions to a manuscript.Develop Your Self-Edit PlanBefore getting started with self-editing, though, keep in mind that Self-Publishing School advises not to wait, but to reach out and/or hire an ed itor after you finish your manuscript. Performing that task upon completing the rough draft will allow the author to hand over their manuscript right after finishing the self-editing phase. Editors are often booked two weeks in advance. Waiting to reach out to editors until after the self-edit could mean there’s no movement on your book for at least a couple weeks.Now you’re ready to begin.How to Start Self-EditingThe self-editing phase will include re-reading your book at least three times. Self-Publishing School calls them verbal read-throughs. With each one, you will be looking to address different aspects of your writing.In the self-edit of my own first book, I devised three different types of read-throughs.The three different types of verbal read-throughs in self-editing:Reading for structureReading for readabilityReading for grammar and word choiceEach read-through during self-editing should be done out loud.Verbal Read-Throughs for Self-EditingSelf-Publishing Sc hool teaches to read your manuscript out loud to yourself. I couldn’t agree more. It may seem a little silly, but it’s much easier to find errors while reading the entire book out loud than silently.Find a quiet spot alone so you can read out loud.Following my three different types of read-throughs and reading them out loud will enable you to make your book as good as you can.#1 Read for StructureRemember that great mind map and book outline you constructed before even beginning to write the rough draft? It’s time to break those back out.As you begin to re-read your manuscript chapter-by-chapter, follow along with your outline as well. This will allow you to make sure every detail is in the right place and nothing is missing.This is how you can structure your self-edits for chapters:Those chapters on your outline and in your book should all have a clear and concise topic. In some ways, one could think of the individual chapters as their own little books. Each o ne connects to the others, but they can also stand alone.Double checking chapter structure is the first real key to self-editing. One personal example of how revising chapter structure helped my book:In my own rough draft, the first chapter of my book, His World Never Dies: The Evolution of James Bond, explored the popularity of the Bond film series and how the series’ portrayal of masculinity has changed over the years.When I devised my outline, it seemed natural that these two topics were tied together since Bond’s masculinity is why so many men and women have enjoyed the series over the last six decades.But I had two problems: the chapter was more than 4,500 words while the other nine chapters in my book were all around 3,000. Even worse, the first chapter bounced between these two ideas that I thought were connected- Bond’s popularity and masculinity.Upon my read-through, the chapter felt clunky and long. If readers shared the same sentiment, they might not continue to read the rest of the book.In self-editing, make sure each chapter has one clear and concise topic.Revisions were needed. It took a lot of work, but I divided the first chapter into two one that focused on the series’ popularity and the other on Bond’s masculinity. After I made this decision, I read through the entire chapter again, picking out which paragraphs applied to which specific topic.Following that step, the two new chapters were too short, which meant both needed more words. I had more writing to do.But by dividing the chapter, rearranging the paragraphs and adding more details, I had made some very strong revisions.I now possessed two chapters that started my book on the right track with each chapter standing alone and focused on one topic.This is how to go through self-editing for sentence structure transitions:Double checking sentence structure is the second important part of step one in self-editing.How each book idea flows to the next is th e second aspect to consider during the â€Å"structure† read-through. The use of transition words and phrases- next, then, furthermore, on the other hand, etc.- can be very helpful to achieve this.But the same concepts to ensuring chapter structure should be applied to sentence structure. Make sure to complete your entire thought on one subject before jumping to the next whether from chapter to chapter or inside a chapter.Proper transitions and book flow will allow readers to keep going naturally. It could prevent them from ever putting it down!#2 Read for ReadabilityIt’s very likely that you know your book topic better than anyone who reads your book. That’s especially true if you are writing a memoir, but that will likely also be the case with a self-help book or non-fiction commentary on something such as the James Bond film series.After double checking the structure of your book, the second read-through should ensure every chapter, every paragraph, every se ntence and even every word makes sense.Ask yourself these questions when editing for vague details or over-explained thoughts:Did I gloss over any details that a beginner to my topic might not know?Did I forget a vital detail to a personal story in my memoir?Does it feel like I’m bogging down my reader with unnecessary details not important to my overall point?Keep these questions in mind during the second read-through of the self-editing stage.In the second read-through, place yourself in the mind of your reader.For my book, I needed to ensure every scene of a Bond film I explain was properly detailed to my audience. I have seen the Bond movies dozens of times, but not every reader will have, so it was important to make sure even readers who haven’t seen the films can understand what’s going on in a particular scene.Heres how to self-edit awkward phrasing:In this step, authors should also be able to find awkward phrasing. This is the biggest reason why we advis e reading your manuscript out loud. Sentences that don’t make sense or that need to be reworded will stick out when spoken in voice rather than read silently.#3 Read for Grammar and Word ChoiceAs you may have guessed, the first two read-through steps are making revisions to your manuscript. In this last step, authors will be performing both edits and revisions.Once you’ve nailed down your book’s structure and readability, you’re now ready to double check grammar, spelling, capitalization and punctuation.It’s important to leave grammar until the last step of the self-editing phase. Otherwise, you will need to repeat this step after revisions are complete.Double checking word choice was vitally important in my own self-editing. I tend to repeat the same words without even realizing. In my first rough draft, I had the same transition word used multiple times on the same page or the same verb or adjective deployed on numerous occasions in the same cha pter. Get out a thesaurus and utilize different words where applicable- just be sure these words actually make sense (as we all know thesauruses cant always be trusted). This doesn’t mean change every noun to a fancier word in attempt to sound smart. Nobody likes a smart ass. But avoiding repeated words while expanding your vocabulary in a colloquial way is the last step in self-editing.Other tips for self-edit read-throughs:Find a style that worksTry re-reading only a chapter at a time the whole book togetherAgain, read the manuscript out loudThat’s the end of the actually steps needed to complete the self-editing phase, but there’s more to it than just simply reading through the manuscript and making alterations.Find a Self-Edit Style That Works for YOUAre you more of a paper and pen person or do you love using track changes on writing software like Microsoft Word or Google Docs? There is no right or wrong, but finding your best preference and consistently re peating it through each read-through is essentially. Personally, I loved the good, old-fashioned pen and paper for my self-editing. I find it easier to read out loud from a paper than a screen. It also allowed me to easily keep track of all my edits and revisions with a pen.You can do the same, though, with track changes like in the example below.Printing out your manuscript and/or working with track changes is essential to the self-editing phase.After each read-through, make the changes in your official manuscript, so they are present for the next read-through. Then repeat the process.For all the read-throughs, I would print out a new copy of my book.NOTE: To save paper, reprint on the back of the previous manuscript.Self-Edit One Chapter at a TimeMost self-published authors have other jobs. If not, they still likely have very busy lives because everyone does. That probably makes performing an entire read-through for the whole book in one sitting very unlikely.However, there are ad vantages to self-editing the whole book in one read-through during a single day.Pros to read-throughs in one sitting:Easier to receive entire pictureRepeated phrases and words can be more apparentReading it as the fans wouldReading the entire manuscript together for chapter and sentence structure is a good idea because it’s easier to get the entire picture of how the book fits together.It’s also easier to pick out repeated phrases and words. If you wait several days between reading the first and final chapter for structure, you may not realize you repeat yourself too much or that you have the exact same sentence in two places.The readers that never put your book down may experience it in an entirely different way than you did if you never performed an entire book read-through in one sitting.Cons to read-throughs in one sitting:General tirednessGrammar and spelling edits may sufferThreat of rushing through itThere are plenty of advantages to only re-reading a chapter at a time as well. For one, going through an entire read-through in one sitting can take hours and is very tiring. In the last few chapters, you might not be as sharp at catching errors as you were at the beginning of the process because of fatigue.All self-editing can be tedious, but checking for grammar, spelling and punctuation is particularly banal. It’s even harder when tired.Furthermore, if the goal is to get through the entire book with one read-through in one sitting, but you only have a set amount of time to do it, there’s a distinct possibility that you will rush. That’s not a good thing either.TIP: Try both techniques to see which self-editing works for you.The one-sitting read-through is better suited for when checking for structure. It’s better to read one chapter at a time while editing for grammar and spelling.If your book is truly too long for a read-through in one sitting, then don’t worry about it. More than likely, that means reade rs won’t be reading it all the way through at a time either.Are you ready to start your self-editing TODAY?Again, the self-editing stage is one of the most mundane aspects of publishing a book. At times, it can be flat-out exhausting with no end in sight. It’s very tempting to just give up and hand the manuscript to an editor.But before editor begins their work on your manuscript, self-editing can take your book to the next level. A full commitment in this stage can make all the difference in the quality of your manuscript.If youre ready to start (finish) and publish your book, check out this free training by Chandler Bolt!

15 Words for Household Rooms, and Their Synonyms

15 Words for Household Rooms, and Their Synonyms 15 Words for Household Rooms, and Their Synonyms 15 Words for Household Rooms, and Their Synonyms By Mark Nichol Here’s an alphabetical tour of domestic vocabulary to help you avoid getting lost or walking through the wrong doorway, and to give you a choice in navigating your way: 1. Attic: Synonyms for this word (from the Latin Atticus, â€Å"of Attica†) for a room or area under the roof of a house include garret (the term is from the Middle English word garite, â€Å"watchtower, turret†) and loft (from the Old English word for â€Å"air† or â€Å"sky), as well as the obscure cockloft. A loft that opens to a lower room is also called a balcony (the term is from the Italian word balcone, â€Å"large window†); this term may also refer to an upstairs outside porch or deck. 2. Bathroom: Because of the personal nature of the bathroom’s function, this room has many (mostly euphemistic) synonyms, including latrine and lavatory (both words are derived from the Latin word lavare, to wash†), as well as restroom, washroom, and â€Å"water closet†; most of these, however, are usually applied only to public facilities. Bath or toilet (the latter term is derived from the French word toilette, â€Å"cloth†) are also common usage though toilet more often refers specifically to the key fixture as are slang terms like head (this term is from naval usage, when the â€Å"bathroom† was the bow of the ship), john (from the given name), or loo (suggested to be from the French word l’eau, â€Å"water†). Privy, ultimately from Latin privatus, â€Å"private,† was originally synonymous with outhouse but may also refer to an interior room. 3. Boudoir: This French term (amusingly derived from the French word bouder, â€Å"to pout†) can apply to a bedroom, a dressing room, or a sitting room for the woman of the house. It has erotic connotations that, depending on context, the more utilitarian bedroom may or may not have. 4. Cellar: This area, often partially or completely belowground (see hall for etymology), is also called a basement. Because such areas often remain cooler than the rest of the dwelling, the cellar was originally used to store food and/or wine. More recently, it has been relegated to a general storage space or converted into one or more bedrooms or an informal entertainment area. 5. Closet: This term, from the Anglo-French word closett, a diminutive of clos, â€Å"enclosure,† originally referred to a secluded room but now applies to a usually walk-in cabinet for storing clothes and/or other household items. 6. Conservatory: Often a separate building (also known as a greenhouse) but sometimes attached to a house, the conservatory (the term stems ultimately from the Latin word conservare, â€Å"keep, observe†) is familiar to players of the board game Clue but rare in real life. The similar solarium (the term is from the Latin word for a porch with sun exposure), also known as a sunroom or a sun parlor, is a glass-enclosed room that may double as a conservatory. 7. Den: This term was borrowed from the synonym for lair, and the connotation of a secluded refuge is not coincidental; the neologism â€Å"man cave† (or mancave) suggests a retreat where the lord of the manor may escape to avoid responsibilities or the expectation that he behave in a civilized manner. The den may be used for entertainment or as an office or a study; those terms are also likely to be applied to a spare room where academic, professional, or leisure writing or research is done and/or where household management is conducted. 8. Foyer: This word, adopted into English from French when France was considered the epitome of all that is refined and proper, in the latter language means â€Å"fireplace† (the word is ultimately derived from the Latin word focus, â€Å"hearth†). In humble abodes, the hearth was close to the door (as was everything else), but the name stuck even as dwellings became larger. The word applies to entrance areas in public buildings as well; synonyms like entranceway, entryway, and lobby are usually applied only in that context, not in identifying the domestic equivalent. Vestibule (the term is from the Latin word vestibulum, â€Å"forecourt†) is a synonym that suggests a transitional area. An earthier equivalent, generally referring to a separate small chamber, is mudroom, though this area is often entered through a side door. 9. Garage: This term derives from the French word for â€Å"the act of docking, from garer â€Å"to dock†; it’s probably related to guard and guarantee. It was originally (and sometimes still is) detached from the house and, before the advent of the automobile, was preceded by the carriage house, itself an extension or evolution of a barn. 10. Hall: This word, stemming from the Old English heall and related to the Latin word cella, â€Å"small room† (whence cellar see above), originally referred to an entire dwelling (or at least its primary chamber) at a time when that was the living arrangement for a chieftain or a nobleman. By extension, the word came to be applied later to public buildings, campus edifices, and the like, but it also diminished to refer to the entry of a house, and ultimately, when houses became more extensive, a corridor or passageway that communicates to various rooms. The sense of â€Å"entry† is discussed above in the, er, entry for foyer. 11. Kitchen: For reasons of safety, the kitchen (the term derives ultimately from the Latin word coquere, â€Å"to cook†) was a separate building, but now it is often the figurative heart of the home. Related terms include buttery (a storeroom for liquor, from the Anglo-French word but, â€Å"cask†), pantry (a storeroom for food, ultimately from Latin panis, â€Å"bread†), and scullery (a cleaning area, ultimately from the Latin word scutella, â€Å"drinking bowl†). 12. Library: Originally, in some homes an entire room was set aside just to store the domestic collection of books, either for ostentatious display (and perhaps rarely, if ever, read) or for practical purposes, in which case the room doubled as an office or study. The term stems from the Latin word librarium, based on the stem libr-, â€Å"book.† 13. Nursery: When, in the homes of the well-to-do, children were best not seen nor heard, they were relegated to the nursery (the term is ultimately derived from the Latin word nutricius, â€Å"nourishing†), a combination sleeping and playing area. Now, a nursery is simply a bedroom occupied by the very young. 14. Parlor: As the name (from the Anglo-French word parler, â€Å"talk†) implies, this is a room dedicated to conversation among inhabitants or with their guests; â€Å"drawing room† (from â€Å"withdrawing room,† the room to which guests at a dinner party withdrew for postprandial conversation) is a synonym, as are salon and â€Å"sitting room.† The hall and the parlor have been supplanted by the living room and/or the family room, the latter a fairly recent development to provide a casual environment in contrast to the former, a more formal area. (Some houses, by contrast, have a great room, a large open area that may include space for more than one activity as well as a dining area and free access to the kitchen.) 15. Porch: The porch (the term is from the Latin word portico, ultimately derived from porta, â€Å"gate†) is usually merely a raised approach to a house, though it can be enclosed and might double as a solarium (see below). Synonyms are gallery, lanai (from Hawaiian), piazza (from Italian) stoop, and veranda or verandah (from Hindi and Urdu); all but stoop (from the Dutch word for a step) imply an expansive area. A sleeping porch is a well-ventilated area, sometimes adjacent to a bedroom, for sleeping on hot, still nights. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?40 Synonyms for â€Å"Lie†Ebook, eBook, ebook or e-book?

Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Questions - Essay Example In the development of their forms of government, Egypt went straight from pre-civilization to large government units, was more centralized and authority was concentrated in a divine Pharaoh. On the other hand, Mesopotamia passed through a city-state phase, authority was more dispersed and governance was exercised through councils and participatory institutions. In form of writing, both cultures developed complex forms of writing which was monopolized by the priestly class. However, Mesopotamia developed the cuneiform alphabet while Egypt had its hieroglyphics, a more pictorial form based on simplified pictures of objects abstracted to represent concepts or sounds. Mesopotamian writing material was comprised of clay tablets and animal skins, and produced an epic literary tradition. Egypt used the papyrus formed from reeds, but used it more for record keeping (Robert Guisepi, The Origins of Civilizations, 2007). In great part, Mesopotamia developed a more advance level of science and mathematics than Egypt, although Egyptians were first to determine the length of the solar year and developed a science of medicine. Egyptian civilization was not centered on science, however, but on religion, the worship of many gods, magical rituals, and obsession with life after death (Cornelius Petrus Tiele, Comparative History of the Egyptian and Mesopotamian Religions, 1882). While their early religions developed from an awareness of nature and the environment, their attitudes differed greatly. Egypt, prosperous and harmonious and consistent with its attribution as the â€Å"gift of the Nile,† regarded their gods positively with the promise of a joyous afterlife. Mesopotamian religion was gloomy and bleak, and their prayers reflected the absence of a personal relationship with their gods and goddesses who were suspicious of humans and frequently sent calamities to underscore their humanity – as in the message of the Gilgamesh epic (Michael Streich,

Legal Framework in Employment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Legal Framework in Employment - Essay Example As per common law, an employer has the right to dismiss an employee with prior notification. Terminating an employee without prior notice is a ‘wrongful dismissal’ against which an employee can sue the employer. Unfair dismissal is created by statute law, and it may occur even with proper notification. The Employment Rights Act 1996 has given six potentially fair reasons for terminating an employee. The employer has to ensure that the decision of dismissal, he has made justified and is conducted fairly.Employment Relations Act 1996, section 98 (4), provides details to declare a dismissal fair or unfair. The employer is responsible to justify a fair dismissal and likewise give reasons for unfair dismissal. In any case, if an employer is unable to prove that the dismissal is justified as per the Employment Relations Act 1996, it will be declared as unfair.Not only the law provides support to the employees the employers also have equal defenses to claim the fairness of thei r dismissal decision.In the case [British Leyland (UK) Ltd v Swift, (1981)], the employer’s decision was declared as ‘fair’ by the court of law as the employer justified his decision claiming to terminate an employee due to misconduct.In another case [Iceland Frozen Foods Limited v Jones, (1982)], the employer terminated a night-shift foreman at the warehouse. The employer held the employee responsible because he could not secure the warehouse at night which resulted in slow production.