Analysis Of The Opening Scene Of Macbeth - 782 Words

Location: A forest or hill in Scotland General Summary: The three witches meet on a stormy night out in the open country to discuss when they should meet with Macbeth. Analysis: The opening scene of Macbeth is super short but it introduces the 3 most influential characters of the play. The witches’ presence in the play is very small but they remain a constant and a powerful beings throughout. This first scene establishes the witches’ connection to Macbeth. It makes the reader curious to discover who he is and also what is â€Å"the hurlyburly† (I, i, 3) that the witches discussed. Shakespeare creates dramatic irony, in that he informs the reader that Macbeth does not have and will never have throughout the play a free action.†¦show more content†¦The witches refer to their two familiars, â€Å"Graymalkin† and â€Å"Paddock†. The fact that they have familiars is enough to secure the reader’s impression of them as witches. Central Questions: Why does Shakespeare open the play with the witches, rather than Macbeth? How does this effect the first scene of the play? What impressions can I as a reader take away from this? What effect does the way the witches speak create? Act I, Scene ii Location: A soldier’s camp General Summary: King Duncan and his three sons are introduced. King Duncan hears from several soldiers of Macbeth’s bravery in battle and decides to make Macbeth Thane of Cawdor. Analysis: As the scene opens, the royal family meet a wounded officer and ask him for news of the battle. Macbeth killed Macdonald. The reader learns that Macbeth is related to King Duncan. â€Å"O valiant cousin! Worthy gentleman!† (I, ii, 24). At this point, Macbeth is held in high regard by Duncan. Macbeth won against the attack of the Norwegian King. The Thane of Cawdor has betrayed Duncan by fighting on the Norwegian side. Characterisation: Macbeth is portrayed as a brave and loyal soldier. Duncan decides that the Thane of Cawdor should be killed and that his title should be conferred upon Macbeth as a reward for his courage and his loyalty. â€Å"What he [the Thane of Cawdor] hath lost, noble Macbeth hath won (I, ii, 67)†. Dramatic Irony This quote isShow MoreRelatedMacbeth Opening Scene Analysis723 Words   |  3 PagesShakespeares Macbeth has a long history of performances and productions across many different cultures and eras. The American Shakespeare Centre’s enactment contained specific directional and theatrical deviations that are atypical from traditional interpretations of Shakespeares work. In their performance, the company chose to include unique plot devices in Macbeth’s costumes. Macbeth starts the show with a Scottish tartan sash, symbolizing his loyalty to his country and kinsmen. In fact, bothRead MoreWhy Macbeth Killed Duncan1457 Words   |  6 PagesAn Analysis of Why Macbeth Kills Duncan. Thought to have been composed by William Shakespeare between 1606-1607 Macbeth is the final of his four famous ‘tragedies’ which are literary works depicting a tragic hero, who becomes engaged in a moral struggle that ends in ruin. Macbeth is rarely mentioned in the theatrical world by its eponymous title, as it is considered to be unlucky, hence the reason it is often known as ‘The Scottish Tragedy’. The play is said to have been written by Shakespeare forRead MoreAnalysis of Macbeth Essay912 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Macbeth Macbeth, is one of the greatest tragedy plays written by William Shakespeare. It is a rather short play with a major plot that we had to follow it carefully to understand its significance. The play is a tragedy about evil rising to power, which ends up corrupting the main characters Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. In the opening of the play Macbeth is introduced to the audience as Thane of Glamis and is respected. The witches also play a major part in theRead MoreUnsex Me Here Macbeth Analysis Essay642 Words   |  3 PagesScene Analysis: Macbeth Act 1 Scene 5 Act 1, Scene 5 is a soliloquy spoken by Lady Macbeth after she has read her husbands letter, and when she knows from the messenger that the king will be arriving that night. The raven himself is hoarse That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan Under my battlements. Come, you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts! Unsex me here, And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full Of direst cruelty; make thick my blood, Stop up the access and passage to remorseRead MoreDelhi Metro1656 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare 4 Kidz MACBETH Rumbling Thunder sets the mood for the opening of the show. Three figures emerge from the shadows. They are three Witches – or Weird Sisters – foretellers of the future (The Opening). They look forward to meeting Macbeth. At King Duncan’s camp near Forres, a wounded sergeant tells of Macbeth’s heroics in battles against Macdonald and the rebels, while Ross reports that King Sweno of Norway and the traitorous Thane of Cawdor have also been defeated by Macbeth. The witches waitRead MoreMacbeth1388 Words   |  6 Pages Macbeth: Character Analysis The Tragedy of Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, is about a soldier, Macbeth, and his friend, Banquo, who meet up with three strange witches who share prophecies with the two men. Macbeth is told that he will become king someday and rule the land of Scotland. The rest of the play follows the actions of once a loyal soldier turned into a greedy king, who seeks to hold the crown forever no matter what the consequences may be. Throughout the play Macbeth displays himselfRead MoreThree Witches and Macbeth2956 Words   |  12 PagesThe opening scene in Macbeth is a compact exposition. Everybody knows that a play is more restrained than a novel because it is written to be performed in less than three hrs. That is why it should attract the viewer and engage his or her attention from the beginning. That makes the opening scene of any play of such a great importance. The opening scene in a play acts as an expository scene that introduces the audience to the background of the play, its hero, and hints at the main theme. ShakespeareRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Shakespeare s Macbeth1383 Words   |  6 PagesCharacter Analysis of Macbeth One of Shakespeare’s most notable works is The Tragedy of Macbeth. The plot revolves around the consequences of the actions made by the character Macbeth. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of The Tragedy of Macbeth along with a detailed analysis of Macbeth the character, including his traits, motives, and his historical counterpart. Written in 1606, the opening scene of The Tragedy of Macbeth begins with a brief appearance of three witches who appearRead MoreThe Lesson Of The Muhlenberg Lesson Plan901 Words   |  4 Pagesclosure. I chose to do my comparison on a Macbeth lesson in Mrs. Butterbaugh’s tenth grade co-taught class. This was strictly an observed lesson, as Mrs. Butterbaugh does not do formal lesson plans. The unit title could be Renaissance Literature: Macbeth. It would work well as a comparison to the former unit on Medieval literature focused on Oedipus Rex. In my future class, I would do some activity to compare the two. The lesson title could be â€Å"Influencing Macbeth: Act I and Act II.† It was presentedRead MoreEssay The Truth behind Lady Macbeth1319 Words   |  6 Pagesbehind Lady Macbeth In the play, â€Å"Macbeth†, the character that stands out the most is Lady Macbeth. Her role in this story is significant, she is an evil, ruthless, and ambitious person. She is responsible for the murders that her husband commits because she was bloodthirsty for the crown. In fact, she then becomes more eager to get the crown than Macbeth himself and soon realizes that once you commit one violent act, there is almost no way of ever turning back. An analysis of Lady Macbeth reveals that

Essay about Conflicts In Romantic Relationships - 2730 Words

As long as people have gotten romantically involved with one another, there has been conflict within those relationships. Some people argue that conflict is bad for the relationship and will ultimately lead to the demise of that relationship. Others argue that the conflict is good for the relationship and will help it to flourish. Conflict can be both positive and negative for a relationship. It can both help and hinder the relationship. No matter what stage the relationship is in and whether or not the relationship is being helped or hurt, conflict is always happening in different contexts. Conflict is also caused by numerous reasons. These reasons include a lack of interpersonal communication skills, low levels of trust, physical†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Violence by men is a major component of the larger social hierarchy of gender.† (Woods, 1999, p. 481). The abuse in these relationships usually instills feelings of inferiority, which goes along with their societa l learning from childhood. Not only does this abuse give feelings of inferiority but also feelings of shame which lead to a sense of obligation to conserve the relationship to the best of her ability. According to a study done by K.M.Landenburger (1988), most women in these instances gave up on themselves before they gave up on their partners. If giving up on themselves, the logical conclusion is that they will eventually see the abuse as a social norm and will expect that in future relationships, thus repeating the cycle over and over again. P2- Women who have had more sexual partners increase their likelihood of abuse in a romantic relationship. Again, in this proposition, abuse is defined as physical, verbal, or psychological. As in any situation, the more exposure that a person has to a certain element, the more risk is involved pertaining to that element. In this case, women who have more sexual partners are exposing themselves to a greater risk factor of being intimate with that one that will engage in some sort of abusive behavior. With the increased exposure to a number of intimate partners, there comes a decreased sense of control for the women involved in these relationships. (Neufeld, McNamara, Ertl,Show MoreRelatedConflict in Romantic Relationship1710 Words   |  7 PagesGeorgia Perimeter Conflict in romantic relationship Conflicts in romantic relationship Conflicts occur in our relationship when we find dissimilarities in our opinion. It is very natural that disagreements come to the relationships, and conflicts occur. There are no interpersonal relationships without conflicts (Wood 230). Conflicts may also come in romantic relationships. Now, what is romantic relationship? As Wood says, self-concept, proximity, and similarity are the three main thingsRead MoreConflicts in Romantic Relationships2775 Words   |  12 PagesCONFLICT IN ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS As long as people have gotten romantically involved with one another, there has been conflict within those relationships. Some people argue that conflict is bad for the relationship and will ultimately lead to the demise of that relationship. Others argue that the conflict is good for the relationship and will help it to flourish. Conflict can be both positive and negative for a relationship. It can both help and hinder the relationship. No matterRead MoreInvestment And Conflict Of Romantic Relationships3312 Words   |  14 Pages Investment and Conflict in Romantic Relationships Com 620 Mark Pace and Bo Zhang â€Æ' Investment Model The theory of relationship investment is an effort to understand maintenance of ongoing relationships. This model is an expansion of Kelly and Thirbaut’s (1978) interdependence theory, which specifies that satisfaction is a function of the reward value of a relationship, relative to expectations, and that commitment stems from the superiority of a relationship, compared with viable alternativesRead MoreLevels Of Life Satisfaction / Well Being Are Measured Under Different Manipulative Conditions923 Words   |  4 Pagesavoidance social goals and approach social goals, with different relationship status as affecting variables. An association claim was made while looking at the correlation between different romantic relationship status participants with avoidance or approach social goals and their life satisfaction/well-being. Prior research indicates that all individuals experience more life satisfaction when they are involved in a romantic relationship, but current research r ejects this idea because individuals withRead MoreAdolescence And Young Adulthood : Young Relationships And Delinquency1436 Words   |  6 PagesWithin current culture, it is easy to assume that young relationships are innocent and do not enable any issues in the adolescents cognitive or physical development. The main concern of Ming Cui et al. is that dating in early adolescence can impede developmental adjustment (Serafini Rye Drysdale, 2013, pg. 253). The reason for this concern is that there is more research showing that there is an association between romantic relationships and delinquency in adolescence and young adulthood (SerafiniRead MoreThe Perception of Love in Romantic Films955 Words   |  4 PagesWeve all seen them, those cheesy romantic comedies where two (beautiful) strangers meet and fall in love. They run into some sort of conflict and eventually find a way back to each other in the end. Although that seems like a harmless concept, that kind of love results in unrealistic expectations of what a life partner should be, unrealistic expectations of what the ideal woman or man should look like and unrealistic expectations of what constitutes healthy conflict resolution. The majority of womenRead MoreThe Divorce Of The Institution And Commitment922 Words   |  4 Pageshealthy relationships, there are several those are not. What is the cause of the progressing down in the institution and commitment? The desire to stay in a relationship no matter what happens, in marriage and developing romantic relationships? Researchers are explaining that answer is very simple†¦. Communication. Communication scholar Mark Knapp and social psychologist and martial therapist John Gottam have turned to studying couples through all stages of their relationship, whetherRead MoreThe Divorce And Its Effects On The Institution And Commitment Essay907 Words   |  4 Pageshealthy relationships, there are several those are not. What is the cause of the progressing down in the institution and commitment? The desire to stay in a relationship no matter what happens, in marriage and developing romantic relationships? Researchers are explaining that answer is very simple†¦. Communication. Communication scholar Mark Knapp and social psychologist and martial therapist John Gottam have turned to studying couples through all stages of their relationship, whetherRead MoreRelationship Satisfaction Is An Important Part Of Romantic Relationships1295 Words   |  6 PagesRelationship satisfaction is an important part of romantic relationships. A lack of satisfaction can lead to consequences in other areas of life and eventually, the destruction of the relationship. For example, job performance is heavily influenced by romantic relationship satisfaction. In a study by Greenhaus and Beutell (1985), they argued that poor satisfaction leads to poor job performance and vice versa. They stated this was to because these two spheres are â€Å"interdependent.† Satisfaction canRead MoreEffects Of Social Networking Sites On Relationships1528 Words   |  7 Pages Effects of Social Networking Sites on Relationships Several studies have found that using social networking sites excessively, including partner surveillance and monitoring, posting ambiguous information, and compulsive internet use, can be detrimental to romantic relationships (Ridgway Clayton, 2016). Social networking sites such as Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook, negatively influence our relationships. It is important to know the common conflicts and how to avoid them. It is also important

Socio Economic Status( SES ) Sociological Methods & Research

Question: Discuss about the Essay for Socio economic status ( SES ) affect Parents,Children and Immigrant Mental Health? Answer: Introduction: SESis a sociological and economically joined measure of an individual's work experience or family's social and economic position in comparison to others, based on occupation, education and income. Socioeconomic status can be divided into three categories (High SES, Middle SES, and Low SES) to identify the three areas of an individual or family . When putting individual or family in any of the above categories or all of the variables (occupation, education, and income) can be evaluated. Additionally, education and low income have been shown to be a strong forecaster of many mental health and physical problems, including arthritis, respiratory viruses, coronary disease and schizophrenia. These issues may be due to environmental conditions at their workplace or in the instance of mental sicknesses, possibly the entire cause of the person's social environment. Impacts of Socioeconomic status of Immigrants Parents for Children's Mental Health: Socioeconomic status and Parents Mental Health The connection between education and parents own health is only partially explained by better health knowledge and may be better explained as the fact that more highly educated parents tend to exhibit better health behaviors. The relationship with depressed mental health and the feel of poverty and privation has been studied, and an also association between the two factors has been established. As per the World Health Organization report about mental health status "Mental disorder can occur in any person who belong to any age group, gender or backgrounds." But as per my research, the poor, the unemployed, homeless or a person with less education are always at higher risk to any mental illness or disorders. As per the Psychiatric epidemiological surveys in the late 1930s, the mental illness and socioeconomic status have been distinguished higher rates of mental cases in low-income groups (Kayser Summers, 1973). But according to my research , mental issues has also been seen in other groups. The following are the few examples: Schizophrenia: As per my study, that the schizophrenia doesn't vary by social class, but instead that lower socioeconomic status was secondary to the illness (Poverty, social stress mental health, 2016). Mood disorders: According to the my survey, it indicated that the lowest socioeconomic group demonstrated double the risk of depressive disorder (MDD) than the highest income group (Poverty, social stress mental health, 2016). Common mental disorder: As per my study, the termed common mental disorders (CMDs) are especially most prevailing among the people with a low materialistic measure of living, and those with long term go through of poverty (Poverty, social stress mental health, 2016). Poverty and suicide: According to my research, depression and anxiety are the most usual in a group which is below poverty as they suffer from economic stress, lack of affordable housing and unemployment (Poverty, social stress mental health, 2016). The following reasons can be associated with poverty and mental health: The distress which results in poverty The economic burden of mental disorders Poverty is a major risk element for mental illness Psychiatric diagnosis leading to poverty Socioeconomic status and Children Mental Health SES Parental status does impact both parents, health and also the health of their children. Schooling acquirement, in particular, has a correlation with a parents good health than income or any other criteria of SES (Brown, 2009). As the parents with more schooling does not smoke, and also consumes less alcohol, they pay attention towards their health by exercising more and also taking up work that is less in dangerous occupations. They also are more careful about the medical therapies and mostly use latest medical technologies to deal with their various health problems. But according to my research, education is the cause for such tendencies, or they also suggest that the educated people also plan for the better future trend and also encourage their children to pursue more schooling and to behave in healthier ways. The children who belong to the lower SES families are probably more prone to have a lower health at birth (Lamberg, 2008). According to my survey, it is not necessarily b ecause of the reason that they have a most unfit genetic endowment, but as the belongs to a differing environmental activates that sure genes. Therefore, a child from low SES may have chances of low health at the time birth due to the conditions surrounding maternity and birth, not because of most unfit genetic endowments. The above may be the mechanisms which affect SES child health. The problems that have been affecting the child mental health is increasingly recognized. Approximately out of every five children and adolescents in the U.S., at least, one demonstrate some impairment for a mental or behavioral disorder condition, As 11 percent suffers significant functional impairments, and 5 percent suffer from extreme functional impairment (McAlinden, 2013). As per my survey, the mental health issue also strikes too many people from working age and has become the leading reason for days of lost in the workplace. The people who suffer from early psychiatric issues are less probable to have been graduated or attended college. There are four categories in which children's mental health problems can be categories, i.e. hyperactivity, depression, anxiety and conduct disorders. This suggests that these are problems having the greatest impact. Socioeconomic status of the Immigration /Immigrant Health The immigrant children are at risk as they most likely go through poverty and many other hardships due to significant gaps in fulfilling their needs.The immigrant has some jobs available, but they receive less wages as compared to the native-born people and also don't receive the benefits from the government work backing (Aroian, 1993). In 1996 the changes were made in Federal welfare and immigration laws diminished immigrants approach to public assistance; few states have tried to adjoin the gaps which were created due to the federal law. The men and the women are part of the global phenomenon of migration. But as per my survey, women go through this differently; there are three areas of operation as women, workers and foreigners in the new country. The language barriers are also one of the reasons that create distance between the health system and immigrant of immigration people. Illiterate immigrant, or those who cannot speak English or French are dependent on there to access info rmation or services of the health system. They have to be dependent on others to receive any information. They use community or family members as interpreters, but that is not always a solution as that might lead to misinterpreting. The loss of pre-existing social support system and isolation also affects their mental and health condition (Kaushal Lu, 2014). According to my research, immigrated have also gone through a lot of pre-migratory losses, snapped and traumatic event, long-term family separation which also leads to their physical and mental health have become quite fragile. Gaps found in Literature: World Health Organization reports "Mental disorder can occur in any person who belong to any age group, gender or backgrounds." According to my research, poor, unemployed, homeless, and less educated people are at higher risk of any mental illness. The Psychiatric epidemiological survey, the mental illness and socioeconomic status have been distinguished higher rates of mental cases in low-income groups (Kayser Summers, 1973). But according to my research, mental issues has also been seen in other groups. For example Schizophrenia, Mood disorders, Common mental disorder, Poverty and suicide. Schooling acquirement, in particular, has a correlation with a parents good health than income or any other criteria of SES (Brown, 2009). But according to my research, education is the cause for such tendencies, as they suggest that the educated people plan for the better future and encourage their children to pursue schooling and to behave in healthier ways. The children who belong to the lower SES families are probably more prone to have lower health at birth (Lamberg, 2008). According to my survey, they have a most unfit genetic endowment, and also belongs to a differing environmental activates that sure genes. As 11 percent children suffer significant functional impairments, and 5 percent suffer from extreme functional impairment (McAlinden, 2013). As per my survey, the mental health issue also strikes too many people from working age. Federal welfare and immigration laws diminished immigrants approach to public assistance. The men and the women are part of the global phenomenon of migration. But as per my survey, women go through this differently; there are three areas of operation as women, workers and foreigners in the new country. Loss of pre-existing social support system and isolation also affects their mental and health condition (Kaushal Lu, 2014). According to my research, immigrated have also gone through a lot of pre-migratory losses, snapped and traumatic event, long-term family separation which also leads to their physical and mental health. Conclusion According to my research, there is widespread deprivation. At many times all those below the property are depressed and also suffer from other mental disorders, but many groups of people cope well despite hardship and unmanageable economic conditions. This is specified as attributed to social support network, family and also on individual personality traits.The main challenge is to identify these protective qualities and utilize them to help and prevent mental health problems.It is evident that mental ill health and poverty are linked together in a complex manner. Malnutrition, inadequate housing, low educational level, the insecurity which is the correlates of poverty, are recognized as contributing to common mental disorders. Lost productivity and long-term treatment also envisage costs for a mental disorder. References Kayser, B., Summers, G. (1973). The Adequacy of Student Reports of Parental Ses Characteristics. Sociological Methods Research, 1(3), 303-315. Mercier, J. (1986). L'informatique, ses "filtres" et ses effets. Relations Industrielles, 41(2), 299. Gray, B., Robinson, C., Seddon, D. (2007). Invisible Children: Young Carers of Parents with Mental Health Problems - The Perspectives of Professionals. Child And Adolescent Mental Health, 13(4), 169-172. Aroian, K. (1993). Mental Health Risks and Problems Encountered by Illegal Immigrants. Issues In Mental Health Nursing, 14(4), 379-397. Lamberg, L. (2008). Children of Immigrants May Face Stresses, Challenges That Affect Mental Health. JAMA, 300(7), 780. Peyre, C., Girard, A. (1962). La russite sociale en France. Ses caractres, ses lois, ses effets. Revue Franaise De Sociologie, 3(1), 72. McLeigh, J. (2010). How do Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) practices affect the mental health of children?. American Journal Of Orthopsychiatry, 80(1), 96-100. Brown, L. (2009). Child and Adolescent Mental Health Today: A Handbook. Child And Adolescent Mental Health, 14(4), 207-208 McAlinden, O. (2013). Mental Health for the Whole Child Scott M Shannon Mental Health for the Whole Child 416pp(hardback) W W Norton 9780393707977 0393707970. Mental Health Practice, 17(4), 10-10. Lamberg, L. (2008). Children of Immigrants May Face Stresses, Challenges That Affect Mental Health. JAMA, 300(7), 780. Kaushal, N., Lu, Y. (2014). Recent Immigration to Canada and the United States: A Mixed Tale of Relative Selection. Int Migr Rev, 49(2), 479-522. Poverty, social stress mental health. (2016) (1st ed.). Vellore. Retrieved from https://www.icmr.nic.in/ijmr/2007/october/1004.pdf

Optical Fiber and Light Emitting Diode free essay sample

Also it has a much higher frequency than electricity. So to make our communication more faster we invented a new guided transmission cable, the fiber-optic cable. The fiber optic communication system includes an optical transmitter which converts an electrical signal into an optical signal and sends it into the optical fiber. The information transmitted through optical fiber is typically digital information. It transmits signals in the form of light. Composition: 1 . Outer Jacket: made up of PVC or Teflon. 2. Kevlar strands inside the Jacket: to strengthen cable (also used in bulletproof ests). 3. Plastic coating below Kevlar: for protecting or cushioning fiber. 4. Fiber at the centre: consists of glass or plastic core surrounded by glass cladding which has a low refractive index (less density than core). Fiber-optic Cable connecters: 1 . SC (Subscriber channel connector): used for cable TV. Uses a push/pull locking system. 2. ST (Straight tip connector): It is used for connecting cable to networking devices. We will write a custom essay sample on Optical Fiber and Light Emitting Diode or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Uses a bayonet locking system. 3. MT-RJ: same size as RJ45. Light sources: The light source used in the fiber is light emitting diode. The light is detected by a hoto detector such as a phototransistor. The two light sources that are widely used in fiber optics are LED (Light Emitting Diode) and ILD (Injection Laser Diode). LED is preferred for short distances and ILD for longer distances. Drawback of LED: The light provided by LED is unfocussed which hits the core boundaries and gets diffused. Conditions for reflection: 1 . The inner glass core should have a higher refractive index then the refractive index of the surrounding glass cladding. Means the glass cladding should be less dense it will help the light ray to be reflected of the cladding instead of being efracted into it. . The angle of incidence of the light ray entering in the fiber-optic cable must be greater than the critical angle. The incident light ray will be reflected inside the glass core. If the angle of incidence is less than the critical angle the light ray will be refracted that is it will enter the glass cladding and gets lost. Data transmission: The transmitter converts into light source and the receiver (pho todiode) translates the light back into data bits. Modes of propagation: Mode: The number of paths followed by light rays inside the fiber-optic cable. There are two types of modes: 1 . Single mode: light takes a single path through the core. 2. Multimode: light follows more than one paths through the core. 1. Single mode fiber: manufactured with small diameter. Lower density (less refractive index). Decrease in density results in a critical angle that is closer to 90 degrees and allows the light rays to travel almost horizontally. All light beams arrive at the destination together. Less distortion of light rays. 2. Multimode fiber: 2. 1 . Multimode step-index fiber: Density of core remains same from center to edges. The beam of light moves at a straight line until it reaches the boundary (interface) of the core and cladding. The refractive index (low density) changes abruptly. More distortion of light rays. 2. 2. Multimode graded-index fiber: Decreases the distortion induced in step-index. Density varies. It is highest at center of core and is lowest at the edge by decreasing gradually. The light rays do not travel horizontally due to changing refractive index. Advantages: Transmission distance is greater. Uses less repeaters than other cables (can run up to 50km before requiring egeneration of signal). Has a wide bandwidth hence higher data rates. High noise immunity (electromagnetic noise cannot affect the cable). Resistant to corrosive materials (made up of glass which is more resistant to corrosive materials). Much lighter than copper cables. Disadvantages: Cable is very expensive. Installation and maintenance requires expertise and is also costly. If broken very difficult to fix. Light propagation is unidirectional. Two fibers are needed for bidirectional communication. Losses due to absorption, dispersion and scattering. How to fix the cable if it is broken?